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The American Luxembourgers Survey

Why are so many Americans applying for Luxembourgish citizenship? This is the first survey to measure how these new dual citizens see Luxembourg and their future in Europe.

Updated: January 9th, 2024
Written by: Daniel Atz with Lauren Lowell

Em Português 🇧🇷

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American and Brazilian Luxembourgish dual citizens talk about how they see Luxembourg in their future.

Background

From July 11th to July 26th, 2023, we ran an open survey of American-Luxembourgish dual citizens through ancestry. 416 confirmed dual citizens participated, representing a wide range of ages and demographics.

The following is the second edition of the only systematic survey of the American-Luxembourger dual citizens. In it, respondents provided answers to questions on their future in Luxembourg and motivations for applying for dual citizenship. The responses come from roughly 81% LuxCitizenship clients and 19% other American-Luxembourgers.

Let's Put it in Perspective

The number of Luxembourgish citizens in the United States has grown from 3,602 in 2018 to 14,972 Luxembourgish citizens in 2023.

Ipigott, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons

Why does that matter? To start, that’s 316% growth over 5 years. Today, the United States is the fifth foreign country with the most Luxembourgish citizens in residence.

In fact, the population of Luxembourgers in the US in now is equivalent to 2% of Luxembourg’s national population.

That’s 3,000 more people than the population of the Commune of Bettembourg, Luxembourg’s 8th largest commune. By 2025, we expect it will be equivalent to Hesperange (#7).

Photo Credit: Ipigott, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons

Key Findings

Having analyzed the results of our survey conducted in July 2023, we have highlighted some general findings.

Of all the American-Luxembourgers who participated in our survey, there are several key takeaways that the majority had in common:

  1. 75% of the respondents want to learn Luxembourgish
  2. The population is evenly split 50/50 between respondents wanting to use their new citizenship to move abroad one day or not.
  3. 18% of all respondents expressed an interest in moving to Luxembourg one day
  4. 6.5% of respondents are interested to move to Luxembourg in the next five years and 22.2% of those are multilingual.

Citizenship Status

We asked the respondents about the basics of their Luxembourgish citizenship.

When Did They Apply?

100% of our survey respondents have already obtained Luxembourgish dual citizenship. Furthermore, 31% indicated that they have obtained a Luxembourgish passport, which is significantly lower than for Brazilians and similar to Argentina.

Year Nationality Was Obtained41% of respondents obtained Luxembourgish nationality in 2022, the busiest year in the survey.
Year Nationality Was ObtainedColumn chart: Year Nationality Was Obtained. 2016 or Before: 2%; 2017: 1%; 2018: 2%; 2019: 3%; 2020: 7%; 2021: 18%; 2022: 41%; 2023: 26%.2016 or Before2%20171%20182%20193%20207%202118%202241%202326%
Year Nationality Was ObtainedColumn chart: Year Nationality Was Obtained. 2016 or Before: 2%; 2017: 1%; 2018: 2%; 2019: 3%; 2020: 7%; 2021: 18%; 2022: 41%; 2023: 26%.0%20%40%60%2%2016 orBefore1%20172%20183%20197%202018%202141%202226%2023
Year Nationality Was ObtainedColumn chart: Year Nationality Was Obtained. 2016 or Before: 2%; 2017: 1%; 2018: 2%; 2019: 3%; 2020: 7%; 2021: 18%; 2022: 41%; 2023: 26%.0%20%40%60%2%2016 orBefore1%20172%20183%20197%202018%202141%202226%2023
Year Nationality Was ObtainedColumn chart: Year Nationality Was Obtained. 2016 or Before: 2%; 2017: 1%; 2018: 2%; 2019: 3%; 2020: 7%; 2021: 18%; 2022: 41%; 2023: 26%.0%20%40%60%2%2016 or Before1%20172%20183%20197%202018%202141%202226%2023

Source: LuxCitizenship survey of 416 American dual citizens · 2024

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Have a Luxembourgish Passport31% of respondents have obtained a Luxembourgish passport, significantly fewer than the Brazilian respondents.
Have a Luxembourgish PassportPie chart: Have a Luxembourgish Passport. Yes: 31%; No: 69%.31%69%Yes31%No69%
Have a Luxembourgish PassportPie chart: Have a Luxembourgish Passport. Yes: 31%; No: 69%.31%69%Yes31%No69%
Have a Luxembourgish PassportPie chart: Have a Luxembourgish Passport. Yes: 31%; No: 69%.31%69%Yes31%No69%
Have a Luxembourgish PassportPie chart: Have a Luxembourgish Passport. Yes: 31%; No: 69%.31%69%Yes31%No69%

Source: LuxCitizenship survey of 416 American dual citizens · 2024

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International Experience

We asked the dual citizens about their experiences outside the United States.

Who's Been to the Grand Duchy?

While not all of our respondents had to travel to Luxembourg to complete their citizenship applications, 70.2% reported that they have already visited Luxembourg. 32.9% of respondents reported that they have visited the Grand Duchy 2 or more times.

Traveled to Luxembourg70.5% of respondents have already visited Luxembourg.
Traveled to LuxembourgPie chart: Traveled to Luxembourg. Yes: 70.5%; No: 29.5%.71%30%Yes70.5%No29.5%
Traveled to LuxembourgPie chart: Traveled to Luxembourg. Yes: 70.5%; No: 29.5%.71%30%Yes70.5%No29.5%
Traveled to LuxembourgPie chart: Traveled to Luxembourg. Yes: 70.5%; No: 29.5%.71%30%Yes70.5%No29.5%
Traveled to LuxembourgPie chart: Traveled to Luxembourg. Yes: 70.5%; No: 29.5%.71%30%Yes70.5%No29.5%

Source: LuxCitizenship survey of 416 American dual citizens; 414 who answered the question · 2024

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Number of Visits to Luxembourg32.9% of respondents have visited Luxembourg two or more times.
Number of Visits to LuxembourgBar chart: Number of Visits to Luxembourg. 1 Time: 37.4%; 2–3 Times: 23.4%; 4+ Times: 9.4%; I Live in Luxembourg: 0.2%; Never: 29.5%.1 Time37.4%2–3 Times23.4%4+ Times9.4%I Live in Luxembourg0.2%Never29.5%
Number of Visits to LuxembourgBar chart: Number of Visits to Luxembourg. 1 Time: 37.4%; 2–3 Times: 23.4%; 4+ Times: 9.4%; I Live in Luxembourg: 0.2%; Never: 29.5%.1 Time37.4%2–3 Times23.4%4+ Times9.4%I Live in Luxembourg0.2%Never29.5%
Number of Visits to LuxembourgBar chart: Number of Visits to Luxembourg. 1 Time: 37.4%; 2–3 Times: 23.4%; 4+ Times: 9.4%; I Live in Luxembourg: 0.2%; Never: 29.5%.1 Time37.4%2–3 Times23.4%4+ Times9.4%I Live in Luxembourg0.2%Never29.5%
Number of Visits to LuxembourgBar chart: Number of Visits to Luxembourg. 1 Time: 37.4%; 2–3 Times: 23.4%; 4+ Times: 9.4%; I Live in Luxembourg: 0.2%; Never: 29.5%.1 Time37.4%2–3 Times23.4%4+ Times9.4%I Live in Luxembourg0.2%Never29.5%

Source: LuxCitizenship survey of 416 American dual citizens; 414 who answered the question · 2024

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Time Spent Outside the United States

Just over 38% of the survey respondents have lived outside of the United States. 20% have worked abroad in some capacity. These are both very high figures in comparison with the national average in the United States.

Have You Lived Abroad?38.2% of respondents have lived outside the United States, well above the U.S. national average.
Have You Lived Abroad?Pie chart: Have You Lived Abroad?. Yes: 38.2%; No: 61.8%.38%62%Yes38.2%No61.8%
Have You Lived Abroad?Pie chart: Have You Lived Abroad?. Yes: 38.2%; No: 61.8%.38%62%Yes38.2%No61.8%
Have You Lived Abroad?Pie chart: Have You Lived Abroad?. Yes: 38.2%; No: 61.8%.38%62%Yes38.2%No61.8%
Have You Lived Abroad?Pie chart: Have You Lived Abroad?. Yes: 38.2%; No: 61.8%.38%62%Yes38.2%No61.8%

Source: LuxCitizenship survey of 416 American dual citizens · 2024

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Why Did You Live Abroad?20% of respondents have lived abroad for work, their own or a spouse's.
Why Did You Live Abroad?Bar chart: Why Did You Live Abroad?. I (or My Spouse) Was Working Abroad: 20%; Studied Abroad During College: 17%; Spent Time Abroad During Childhood: 6%; Volunteered Abroad: 3%; Retired Abroad: 1%; Other: 3%.I (or My Spouse)Was Working Abro…20%Studied AbroadDuring College17%Spent Time AbroadDuring Childhood6%Volunteered Abroad3%Retired Abroad1%Other3%
Why Did You Live Abroad?Bar chart: Why Did You Live Abroad?. I (or My Spouse) Was Working Abroad: 20%; Studied Abroad During College: 17%; Spent Time Abroad During Childhood: 6%; Volunteered Abroad: 3%; Retired Abroad: 1%; Other: 3%.I (or My Spouse)Was Working Abro…20%Studied AbroadDuring College17%Spent Time AbroadDuring Childhood6%Volunteered Abroad3%Retired Abroad1%Other3%
Why Did You Live Abroad?Bar chart: Why Did You Live Abroad?. I (or My Spouse) Was Working Abroad: 20%; Studied Abroad During College: 17%; Spent Time Abroad During Childhood: 6%; Volunteered Abroad: 3%; Retired Abroad: 1%; Other: 3%.I (or My Spouse) Was WorkingAbroad20%Studied Abroad During College17%Spent Time Abroad DuringChildhood6%Volunteered Abroad3%Retired Abroad1%Other3%
Why Did You Live Abroad?Bar chart: Why Did You Live Abroad?. I (or My Spouse) Was Working Abroad: 20%; Studied Abroad During College: 17%; Spent Time Abroad During Childhood: 6%; Volunteered Abroad: 3%; Retired Abroad: 1%; Other: 3%.I (or My Spouse) Was WorkingAbroad20%Studied Abroad During College17%Spent Time Abroad DuringChildhood6%Volunteered Abroad3%Retired Abroad1%Other3%

Source: LuxCitizenship survey of 416 American dual citizens; respondents could choose multiple answers · 2024

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Multilingualism

The US is famously monolingual. Most people in Luxembourg speak 4-5 languages. Where do the dual citizens land?

Speak a Foreign Language?

17.1% of the dual citizen respondents speak a foreign language fluently. The standard used for this question in the survey was “do you have the ability to fluidly use a language for the responsibilities of your work”.

Do You Speak a Foreign Language?17.1% of respondents speak a foreign language fluently, close to the roughly 20% U.S. average.
Do You Speak a Foreign Language?Pie chart: Do You Speak a Foreign Language?. Yes: 17.1%; No: 82.9%.17%83%Yes17.1%No82.9%
Do You Speak a Foreign Language?Pie chart: Do You Speak a Foreign Language?. Yes: 17.1%; No: 82.9%.17%83%Yes17.1%No82.9%
Do You Speak a Foreign Language?Pie chart: Do You Speak a Foreign Language?. Yes: 17.1%; No: 82.9%.17%83%Yes17.1%No82.9%
Do You Speak a Foreign Language?Pie chart: Do You Speak a Foreign Language?. Yes: 17.1%; No: 82.9%.17%83%Yes17.1%No82.9%

Source: LuxCitizenship survey of 416 American dual citizens · 2024

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Languages SpokenSpanish is the most common foreign language, spoken by 7% of respondents.
Languages SpokenBar chart: Languages Spoken. Spanish: 7%; French: 6%; German: 4%; Other: 7%.Spanish7%French6%German4%Other7%
Languages SpokenBar chart: Languages Spoken. Spanish: 7%; French: 6%; German: 4%; Other: 7%.Spanish7%French6%German4%Other7%
Languages SpokenBar chart: Languages Spoken. Spanish: 7%; French: 6%; German: 4%; Other: 7%.Spanish7%French6%German4%Other7%
Languages SpokenBar chart: Languages Spoken. Spanish: 7%; French: 6%; German: 4%; Other: 7%.Spanish7%French6%German4%Other7%

Source: LuxCitizenship survey of 416 American dual citizens; respondents could choose multiple answers · 2024

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While 17.1% of respondents speak at least one foreign language, 3.4% speak two foreign languages or more.

Schwätzt Dir Lëtzebuergesch?

17.1% of the dual citizen respondents speak a foreign language fluently. The standard used for this question in the survey was “do you have the ability to fluidly use a language for the responsibilities of your work”.

Luxembourgish Language Resources LearnLuxembourgish.com is a wonderful resource to start learning Luxembourgish

Learn Luxembourgish now
Interested in Learning Luxembourgish?75.2% of respondents are interested in learning Luxembourgish.
Interested in Learning Luxembourgish?Pie chart: Interested in Learning Luxembourgish?. Yes: 75.2%; No: 24.8%.75%25%Yes75.2%No24.8%
Interested in Learning Luxembourgish?Pie chart: Interested in Learning Luxembourgish?. Yes: 75.2%; No: 24.8%.75%25%Yes75.2%No24.8%
Interested in Learning Luxembourgish?Pie chart: Interested in Learning Luxembourgish?. Yes: 75.2%; No: 24.8%.75%25%Yes75.2%No24.8%
Interested in Learning Luxembourgish?Pie chart: Interested in Learning Luxembourgish?. Yes: 75.2%; No: 24.8%.75%25%Yes75.2%No24.8%

Source: LuxCitizenship survey of 416 American dual citizens · 2024

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Interest to Move

Do these new dual citizens plan to put their Luxembourgish passport to use? How do they see their future in Europe?

From the US to the EU – Moving to Luxembourg

As many as 18% of the dual citizens living in the United States are considering a move to Luxembourg one day. Additionally, 25% would consider moving to another EU country.

Want to Move to the EU?45% of respondents are considering a move to the EU, including 18.8% who would choose Luxembourg.
Want to Move to the EU?Pie chart: Want to Move to the EU?. Yes, to Luxembourg: 18.8%; Yes, to Another EU Country: 26.1%; I Live in Luxembourg / EU: 2.8%; No: 52.3%.19%26%52%Yes, to Luxembourg18.8%Yes, to Another EU Country26.1%I Live in Luxembourg / EU2.8%No52.3%
Want to Move to the EU?Pie chart: Want to Move to the EU?. Yes, to Luxembourg: 18.8%; Yes, to Another EU Country: 26.1%; I Live in Luxembourg / EU: 2.8%; No: 52.3%.19%26%52%Yes, toLuxembourg18.8%Yes, toAnother EU C…26.1%I Live inLuxembourg…2.8%No52.3%
Want to Move to the EU?Pie chart: Want to Move to the EU?. Yes, to Luxembourg: 18.8%; Yes, to Another EU Country: 26.1%; I Live in Luxembourg / EU: 2.8%; No: 52.3%.19%26%52%Yes, to Luxembourg18.8%Yes, to Another EU Country26.1%I Live in Luxembourg / EU2.8%No52.3%
Want to Move to the EU?Pie chart: Want to Move to the EU?. Yes, to Luxembourg: 18.8%; Yes, to Another EU Country: 26.1%; I Live in Luxembourg / EU: 2.8%; No: 52.3%.19%26%52%Yes, to Luxembourg18.8%Yes, to Another EU Country26.1%I Live in Luxembourg / EU2.8%No52.3%

Source: LuxCitizenship survey of 416 American dual citizens; 398 who answered the question · 2024

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Of respondents that expressed interest in moving to the EU in the next five years, 66% indicated they would make the move with their spouse, 16.5% with their children, and 17.5% would go alone.

Where are They Headed?

1.7% of American dual citizen respondents, about 7 people, are considering a move to Luxembourg in the next two years. As far as other popular destinations people want to move to, France, Portugal, and Germany are the most popular.

Move to Luxembourg: When?14.7% of respondents are interested in moving to Luxembourg but have no set timeline yet, and 7% plan to move within two years.
Move to Luxembourg: When?Bar chart: Move to Luxembourg: When?. In the Next 2 Years: 7%; In the Next 3–5 Years: 13.2%; Much Later in Life: 7.5%; No Set Plans, but Interested: 14.7%.In the Next 2 Years7%In the Next 3–5Years13.2%Much Later in Life7.5%No Set Plans, butInterested14.7%
Move to Luxembourg: When?Bar chart: Move to Luxembourg: When?. In the Next 2 Years: 7%; In the Next 3–5 Years: 13.2%; Much Later in Life: 7.5%; No Set Plans, but Interested: 14.7%.In the Next 2 Years7%In the Next 3–5Years13.2%Much Later in Life7.5%No Set Plans, butInterested14.7%
Move to Luxembourg: When?Bar chart: Move to Luxembourg: When?. In the Next 2 Years: 7%; In the Next 3–5 Years: 13.2%; Much Later in Life: 7.5%; No Set Plans, but Interested: 14.7%.In the Next 2 Years7%In the Next 3–5 Years13.2%Much Later in Life7.5%No Set Plans, but Interested14.7%
Move to Luxembourg: When?Bar chart: Move to Luxembourg: When?. In the Next 2 Years: 7%; In the Next 3–5 Years: 13.2%; Much Later in Life: 7.5%; No Set Plans, but Interested: 14.7%.In the Next 2 Years7%In the Next 3–5 Years13.2%Much Later in Life7.5%No Set Plans, but Interested14.7%

Source: LuxCitizenship survey of 416 American dual citizens · 2024

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What Other EU Country?France is the top EU destination after Luxembourg, chosen by 6.7% of respondents.
What Other EU Country?Bar chart: What Other EU Country?. France: 6.7%; Portugal: 4.1%; Germany: 4.1%; Spain: 2.6%; Italy: 1.2%; Other: 4.8%.France6.7%Portugal4.1%Germany4.1%Spain2.6%Italy1.2%Other4.8%
What Other EU Country?Bar chart: What Other EU Country?. France: 6.7%; Portugal: 4.1%; Germany: 4.1%; Spain: 2.6%; Italy: 1.2%; Other: 4.8%.France6.7%Portugal4.1%Germany4.1%Spain2.6%Italy1.2%Other4.8%
What Other EU Country?Bar chart: What Other EU Country?. France: 6.7%; Portugal: 4.1%; Germany: 4.1%; Spain: 2.6%; Italy: 1.2%; Other: 4.8%.France6.7%Portugal4.1%Germany4.1%Spain2.6%Italy1.2%Other4.8%
What Other EU Country?Bar chart: What Other EU Country?. France: 6.7%; Portugal: 4.1%; Germany: 4.1%; Spain: 2.6%; Italy: 1.2%; Other: 4.8%.France6.7%Portugal4.1%Germany4.1%Spain2.6%Italy1.2%Other4.8%

Source: LuxCitizenship survey of 416 American dual citizens; 98 named another EU country · 2024

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Application Motivations

What drove these Americans to apply for Luxembourgish dual citizenship?

Dual Citizenship Motivations

Our respondents overwhelmingly listed that their pride for their Luxembourgish heritage and the desire to reconnect with the land of their ancestors were primary motivators in their decision to apply for Luxembourgish citizenship.

Now that they have obtained Luxembourgish citizenship, the same respondents have varying plans for their future with Europe, with the largest percentage hoping to retire there.

Potential InterestsRetirement is the top plan, with 26% interested in retiring in another EU country and 25% in Luxembourg.
Potential InterestsBar chart: Potential Interests. Retiring in Another EU Country: 26%; Retiring in Luxembourg: 25%; Working in Another EU Country: 24%; Working in Luxembourg: 23%; Studying in Luxembourg: 9%; Studying in Another EU Country: 8%.Retiring in AnotherEU Country26%Retiring inLuxembourg25%Working in AnotherEU Country24%Working inLuxembourg23%Studying inLuxembourg9%Studying in AnotherEU Country8%
Potential InterestsBar chart: Potential Interests. Retiring in Another EU Country: 26%; Retiring in Luxembourg: 25%; Working in Another EU Country: 24%; Working in Luxembourg: 23%; Studying in Luxembourg: 9%; Studying in Another EU Country: 8%.Retiring in AnotherEU Country26%Retiring inLuxembourg25%Working in AnotherEU Country24%Working inLuxembourg23%Studying inLuxembourg9%Studying in AnotherEU Country8%
Potential InterestsBar chart: Potential Interests. Retiring in Another EU Country: 26%; Retiring in Luxembourg: 25%; Working in Another EU Country: 24%; Working in Luxembourg: 23%; Studying in Luxembourg: 9%; Studying in Another EU Country: 8%.Retiring in Another EU Country26%Retiring in Luxembourg25%Working in Another EU Country24%Working in Luxembourg23%Studying in Luxembourg9%Studying in Another EU Country8%
Potential InterestsBar chart: Potential Interests. Retiring in Another EU Country: 26%; Retiring in Luxembourg: 25%; Working in Another EU Country: 24%; Working in Luxembourg: 23%; Studying in Luxembourg: 9%; Studying in Another EU Country: 8%.Retiring in Another EU Country26%Retiring in Luxembourg25%Working in Another EU Country24%Working in Luxembourg23%Studying in Luxembourg9%Studying in Another EU Country8%

Source: LuxCitizenship survey of 416 American dual citizens; respondents could choose multiple answers · 2024

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Application Motivators79% of respondents applied out of pride in their Luxembourgish heritage.
Application MotivatorsBar chart: Application Motivators. I Am Proud of My Luxembourgish Heritage: 79%; I Desire to Reconnect With the Land of My Ancestors: 73%; I Am Considering the Future of My Children/Grandchildren: 63%; Recent Political or Social Events Have Motivated Me to Obtain a Second Nationality: 56%; I Would Like to Split My Residency Between Luxembourg and the United States: 30%; I Would Like to Find Members of My Family Living in Luxembourg: 23%; Other: 1%.I Am Proud of MyLuxembourgish He…79%I Desire toReconnect With the…73%I Am Considering theFuture of My Childr…63%Recent Political orSocial Events Have…56%I Would Like to SplitMy Residency Betw…30%I Would Like to FindMembers of My Fa…23%Other1%
Application MotivatorsBar chart: Application Motivators. I Am Proud of My Luxembourgish Heritage: 79%; I Desire to Reconnect With the Land of My Ancestors: 73%; I Am Considering the Future of My Children/Grandchildren: 63%; Recent Political or Social Events Have Motivated Me to Obtain a Second Nationality: 56%; I Would Like to Split My Residency Between Luxembourg and the United States: 30%; I Would Like to Find Members of My Family Living in Luxembourg: 23%; Other: 1%.I Am Proud of MyLuxembourgish He…79%I Desire toReconnect With the…73%I Am Considering theFuture of My Childr…63%Recent Political orSocial Events Have…56%I Would Like to SplitMy Residency Betw…30%I Would Like to FindMembers of My Fa…23%Other1%
Application MotivatorsBar chart: Application Motivators. I Am Proud of My Luxembourgish Heritage: 79%; I Desire to Reconnect With the Land of My Ancestors: 73%; I Am Considering the Future of My Children/Grandchildren: 63%; Recent Political or Social Events Have Motivated Me to Obtain a Second Nationality: 56%; I Would Like to Split My Residency Between Luxembourg and the United States: 30%; I Would Like to Find Members of My Family Living in Luxembourg: 23%; Other: 1%.I Am Proud of My LuxembourgishHeritage79%I Desire to Reconnect With theLand of My Ancestors73%I Am Considering the Future of MyChildren/Grandchildren63%Recent Political or Social EventsHave Motivated Me to Obtain a Se…56%I Would Like to Split My ResidencyBetween Luxembourg and the Uni…30%I Would Like to Find Members ofMy Family Living in Luxembourg23%Other1%
Application MotivatorsBar chart: Application Motivators. I Am Proud of My Luxembourgish Heritage: 79%; I Desire to Reconnect With the Land of My Ancestors: 73%; I Am Considering the Future of My Children/Grandchildren: 63%; Recent Political or Social Events Have Motivated Me to Obtain a Second Nationality: 56%; I Would Like to Split My Residency Between Luxembourg and the United States: 30%; I Would Like to Find Members of My Family Living in Luxembourg: 23%; Other: 1%.I Am Proud of My LuxembourgishHeritage79%I Desire to Reconnect With theLand of My Ancestors73%I Am Considering the Future of MyChildren/Grandchildren63%Recent Political or Social EventsHave Motivated Me to Obtain a Se…56%I Would Like to Split My ResidencyBetween Luxembourg and the Uni…30%I Would Like to Find Members ofMy Family Living in Luxembourg23%Other1%

Source: LuxCitizenship survey of 416 American dual citizens; respondents could choose multiple answers · 2024

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